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17 pages, 6537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of the High-Salinity Groundwater in Yuheng Mining Area of the Jurassic Coalfield, Northern Shaanxi, China

by Yuanhong Han, Hongchao Zhao, Yongtao Ji, Yue Wang and Liwei Zhang

Water 2025, 17(10), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101459 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

In the Yuheng mining area (Jurassic coalfield, northern Shaanxi, China), the Yan’an Formation groundwater is characterized by elevated salinity, posing challenges for mine water pollution control and regional water resource management. However, the spatial distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of this high-salinity groundwater [...] Read more.

In the Yuheng mining area (Jurassic coalfield, northern Shaanxi, China), the Yan’an Formation groundwater is characterized by elevated salinity, posing challenges for mine water pollution control and regional water resource management. However, the spatial distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of this high-salinity groundwater remain poorly studied. This study integrates hydrogeochemical data from 18 coal mines, analyzing the spatial salinity variations, major ion compositions and isotopic signatures. Combined with the evolution characteristics of ancient sedimentary environments and the composition analysis of rock salt minerals in the coal rock interlayers, the formation mechanism of high salinity water was explored. The results indicate that the groundwater mineralization degree of the Yan’an Formation in the Jurassic strata encountered in the Yuheng mining area is the highest, showing a decreasing trend upwards. On the plane, the western and northern regions are generally higher than the eastern and southern regions. The highest mineralization level of groundwater can reach 36.25g/L, and the high mineralization hydrochemical type is mainly SO₄-Na·Ca type, with occasional Cl-Na type in areas with extremely high mineralization level. The cause analysis shows that the highly mineralized groundwater in the Yuheng mining area comes from atmospheric precipitation, which infiltrates and dissolves salt rocks. In addition, the mining area is located in the arid area of northern Shaanxi, with insufficient water supply and no obvious structural faults, and has good sealing properties, thus exhibiting the characteristics of high mineralization. These mechanisms provide a formation model for the high-salinity groundwater in Jurassic coal-bearing strata, offering critical implications for predictive hydrogeochemical modeling and sustainable water management in arid mining regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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23 pages, 2577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AMPK Signaling Axis-Mediated Regulation of Lipid Metabolism: Ameliorative Effects of Sodium Octanoate on Intestinal Dysfunction in Hu Sheep

by Huimin Zhang, Shuo Yan, Zimeng Ma, Ruilin Du, Xihe Li, Siqin Bao and Yongli Song

Biomolecules 2025, 15(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15050707 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

At the present stage, heavy metal pollution, led by environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd), has caused incalculable losses in animal husbandry. The potential value of caprylic acid as a medium- and long-chain fatty acid with a unique role in regulating lipid metabolism has [...] Read more.

At the present stage, heavy metal pollution, led by environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd), has caused incalculable losses in animal husbandry. The potential value of caprylic acid as a medium- and long-chain fatty acid with a unique role in regulating lipid metabolism has attracted much attention. Our previous study found that octanoic acid levels were significantly reduced under Cd-exposed conditions in Hu Sheep, on the basis of which we investigated the protective effect of sodium octanoate, a derivative of octanoic acid, against Cd exposure in Hu Sheep in the present study. In this study, an animal model of Cd exposure in Hu Sheep was established. Comprehensive assessment of Cd-induced intestinal injury using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunostaining and carried out in-depth analyses combined with lipid metabolomics and transcriptomics. The results showed that Cd exposure triggered intestinal inflammation, barrier function damage and oxidative stress imbalance. Lipid metabolomics analysis showed that Cd exposure severely disrupted lipid metabolic processes, especially the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, suggesting that lipid metabolic disorders are closely related to intestinal injury. Notably, sodium octanoate could partially reverse the lipid metabolism abnormality by regulating the Adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, effectively alleviating the Cd toxicity, which provides a brand-new prevention and control strategy for Cd-induced intestinal injury in the livestock industry pollution-mediated disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

40 pages, 12974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Delta Modulation Technique and Harmonic Analysis for the Modified Quadruple-Diode Boost Regulator Without and With a Voltage Multiplier Unit (VMU)

by Walid Emar, Ahmad Aljanaideh, Ala Jaber, Mohammad Musleh, Ali Emar and Mohammed Al-Nairat

Energies 2025, 18(10), 2492; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102492 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

The authors of this study suggest an improvement to their recently released quadruple-diode boost regulator (QDBC), which may be used in two configurations: without or with a voltage multiplier unit (VMU). This voltage multiplier unit consists of two switch capacitors diagonally connected across [...] Read more.

The authors of this study suggest an improvement to their recently released quadruple-diode boost regulator (QDBC), which may be used in two configurations: without or with a voltage multiplier unit (VMU). This voltage multiplier unit consists of two switch capacitors diagonally connected across two diodes, or vice versa. During each operational cycle, energy can be stored and released through the switch capacitive filters and inductive chokes, increasing voltage gain and decreasing output fluctuation. ANSOFT/SIMPLORER 7, PLECS 4.9.5, and SIMULINK 2021a are further used to simulate the proposed regulator’s linearized version to investigate its frequency response and stability. Hence, to improve the harmonic performance of the proposed regulator, the authors of this study used a delta modulation current regulator (DMCR), sometimes referred to as a variable bandwidth delta modulation current regulator. The findings show that the QDBC has, when using the DMCR, a voltage gain of

1 + D / {(1 - D)}^{2}

, an efficiency of 97%, and a shorter settling time of 0.04 s when compared to other DC-DC regulators (SEPIC, boost, and quadratic boost). Finally, to validate the theoretical analysis and simulation results of the proposed QDBC structure, a 250 W regulator prototype was built utilizing similar design exercise requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B1: Energy and Climate Change)

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24 pages, 10092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Agriculture Expansion Intensity and Land-Use/Cover Changes in the Mixed Urban-Rural Upper Kafue River Basin of Zambia (1989–2019)

by Rudo V. Denga, Matamyo Simwanda, Royd Vinya, Manjula Ranagalage and Yuji Murayama

Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101047 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Understanding land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes is essential for sustainable land management, particularly in regions experiencing rapid urbanization and agricultural expansion. This study analyzes the LULC dynamics in the Upper Kafue River Basin, Zambia, from 1989 to 2019, using remote-sensing data, Geographic Information [...] Read more.

Understanding land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes is essential for sustainable land management, particularly in regions experiencing rapid urbanization and agricultural expansion. This study analyzes the LULC dynamics in the Upper Kafue River Basin, Zambia, from 1989 to 2019, using remote-sensing data, Geographic Information Systems (GISs), and advanced analytical techniques such as intensity analysis and directional gradient analysis. The findings indicate a notable decline in forest cover, primarily driven by agricultural expansion, while built-up areas increased, reflecting urban growth. Forest-to-agriculture conversion emerged as the dominant driver of change, with significant transitions also occurring across multiple land categories. The results highlight a dynamic and complex landscape shaped by overlapping socio-economic and environmental pressures, emphasizing the need for targeted policy interventions to mitigate environmental degradation. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and land managers seeking to balance development with conservation in Zambia and similar regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

14 pages, 358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superconvergence of a Nonconforming Interface Penalty Finite Element Method for Elliptic Interface Problems

by Xiaoxiao He

Axioms 2025, 14(5), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050364 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

In our previous works, we developed the superconvergence of a nonconforming finite element method based on unfitted meshes for an elliptic interface problem and elliptic problem, respectively. In this paper, a nonconforming interface penalty finite element method (NIPFEM) based on body-fitted meshes is [...] Read more.

In our previous works, we developed the superconvergence of a nonconforming finite element method based on unfitted meshes for an elliptic interface problem and elliptic problem, respectively. In this paper, a nonconforming interface penalty finite element method (NIPFEM) based on body-fitted meshes is explored for elliptic interface problems, which allows us to use different meshes in different sub-domains separated by the interface. A nonconforming finite element method based on rectangular meshes is studied and the supercloseness property between the gradient of the numerical solution and the gradient of the interpolation of the exact solution is proven for both symmetric NIPFEM and nonsymmetric NIPFEM. Then, the global superconvergence rate

O (h_{i}^{\frac{3}{2}})

between the postprocessed numerical solution of NIPFEM and the exact solution is derived by using an interpolation postprocessing technique. Numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the theoretical results. Full article

14 pages, 1169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Assessment of Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems and Carbon Footprint for Organization: A Case Study of an Educational Facility in Thailand

by Nattapon Leeabai, Natthakarn Sakaraphantip, Neeraphat Kunbuala, Kamonchanok Roongrueng and Methawee Nukunudompanich

Energies 2025, 18(10), 2485; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102485 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

This study presents an integrated methodology to assess and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in institutional buildings by combining organizational carbon footprint (CFO) analysis with rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system simulation. The HM Building at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Thailand, was [...] Read more.

This study presents an integrated methodology to assess and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in institutional buildings by combining organizational carbon footprint (CFO) analysis with rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system simulation. The HM Building at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Thailand, was selected as a case study to evaluate carbon emissions and the feasibility of solar-based mitigation strategies. The CFO assessment, conducted in accordance with ISO 14064-1:2018 and the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) guidelines, identified total emissions of 1841.04 tCO₂e/year, with Scope 2 electricity-related emissions accounting for 442.00 tCO₂e/year. Appliance-level audits revealed that classroom activities represent 36.7% of the building’s electricity demand. These findings were validated using utility data totaling 850,000 kWh/year. A rooftop PV system with a capacity of 207 kWp was simulated using PVsyst software (version 7.1), incorporating site-specific solar irradiance and technical loss parameters. Monocrystalline modules produced the highest energy output of 292,000 kWh/year, capable of offsetting 151.84 tCO₂e/year, equivalent to 34.4% of Scope 2 emissions. Economic evaluation indicated a 7.4-year payback period, with a net present value (NPV) of THB 12.49 million and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 12.79%. The integration of verified CFO data with empirical load modeling and derated PV performance projections provides a robust, scalable framework for institutional carbon mitigation. This approach supports data-driven Net Zero campus planning aligned with Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and carbon neutrality policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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17 pages, 5707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Enabled Digital Twin Framework for Safe and Sustainable Intelligent Transportation

by Keke Long, Chengyuan Ma, Hangyu Li, Zheng Li, Heye Huang, Haotian Shi, Zilin Huang, Zihao Sheng, Lei Shi, Pei Li, Sikai Chen and Xiaopeng Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104391 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an AI-powered digital twin (DT) platform designed to support real-time traffic risk prediction, decision-making, and sustainable mobility in smart cities. The system integrates multi-source data—including static infrastructure maps, historical traffic records, telematics data, and camera feeds—into a unified cyber–physical platform. [...] Read more.

This study proposes an AI-powered digital twin (DT) platform designed to support real-time traffic risk prediction, decision-making, and sustainable mobility in smart cities. The system integrates multi-source data—including static infrastructure maps, historical traffic records, telematics data, and camera feeds—into a unified cyber–physical platform. AI models are employed for data fusion, anomaly detection, and predictive analytics. In particular, the platform incorporates telematics–video fusion for enhanced trajectory accuracy and LiDAR–camera fusion for high-definition work-zone mapping. These capabilities support dynamic safety heatmaps, congestion forecasts, and scenario-based decision support. A pilot deployment on Madison’s Flex Lane corridor demonstrates real-time data processing, traffic incident reconstruction, crash-risk forecasting, and eco-driving control using a validated Vehicle-in-the-Loop setup. The modular API design enables integration with existing Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMSs) and supports scalable implementation. By combining predictive analytics with real-world deployment, this research offers a practical approach to improving urban traffic safety, resilience, and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Intelligent Transportation: Cooperative Systems and Vehicle Automation)

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14 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weight Bias in Nursing: A Pilot Study on Feasibility and Negative Attitude Assessment Among Primary Care Nurses

by Jordi Benítez-Muñoz, María Jesús Aguarón-García, Maria del Carmen Malagón-Aguilera, Roser Cuesta-Martínez, Gloria Reig-Garcia and Maria Elena Solà-Miravete

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(5), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15050168 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Weight bias in healthcare can affect the quality of care and create health disparities. In nursing, the presence of weight-biassed attitudes influences the therapeutic relationship and clinical decision-making. However, in Spain, research on this phenomenon remains scarce, hindering the development of strategies [...] Read more.

Background: Weight bias in healthcare can affect the quality of care and create health disparities. In nursing, the presence of weight-biassed attitudes influences the therapeutic relationship and clinical decision-making. However, in Spain, research on this phenomenon remains scarce, hindering the development of strategies to mitigate its impact. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the methodological feasibility of a study on weight bias in nursing, and to explore nurses’ attitudes towards being overweight and obesity and their association with sociodemographic and body image variables. Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative pilot study was conducted with 22 primary care nurses. The Anti-Fat Attitudes (AFA) and Beliefs About Obese Persons (BAOP) scales, previously validated in Spanish-speaking populations, were applied. Response distribution, the internal consistency of the instruments, and the relationship between variables were analysed. Results: Difficulties were identified in the recruitment of participants and the reliability of certain items of the questionnaire, as well as in the internal consistency of the scales. A trend towards moderate weight-biassed attitudes was observed in the sample, with the highest scores in the AFA’s “Willpower” subscale. The BAOP scale showed a significant negative correlation with the AFA (r = −0.55, p = 0.009), indicating that a lower attribution of obesity to individual control is associated with less discriminatory attitudes. Conclusions: This pilot study helped identify methodological improvements and confirmed the presence of weight bias in nursing. It is recommended that the sample be expanded and the measuring instruments refined before performing the full study. Full article

21 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SatGuard: Satellite Networks Penetration Testing and Vulnerability Risk Assessment Methods

by Jin Xiao, Buhong Wang, Ruochen Dong, Zhengyang Zhao and Bofu Zhao

Aerospace 2025, 12(5), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12050431 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Satellite networks face escalating cybersecurity threats from evolving attack vectors and systemic complexities. This paper proposes SatGuard, a novel framework integrating a three-dimensional penetration testing methodology and a nonlinear risk assessment mechanism tailored for satellite security. To address limitations of conventional tools in [...] Read more.

Satellite networks face escalating cybersecurity threats from evolving attack vectors and systemic complexities. This paper proposes SatGuard, a novel framework integrating a three-dimensional penetration testing methodology and a nonlinear risk assessment mechanism tailored for satellite security. To address limitations of conventional tools in handling satellite-specific vulnerabilities, SatGuard employs large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 and DeepSeek-R1. By leveraging their contextual reasoning and code-generation abilities, SatGuard enables semi-automated vulnerability analysis and exploitation. Validated in a simulated ground station environment, the framework achieved a 73.3% success rate (22/30 attempts) across critical ports, with an average of 5.5 human interactions per test. By bridging AI-driven automation with satellite-specific risk modeling, SatGuard advances cybersecurity for next-generation space infrastructure through scalable, ethically aligned solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

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13 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence and Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Extraoral Drainage for Maxillofacial Abscess: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Gregoire Longchamp, Harald Essig, Valerian Dirr, Marc M. Precht, Maximilian E. H. Wagner and Raphael Ferrari

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103368 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Background: The standard treatment for maxillofacial abscesses is surgical drainage combined with antibiotics, a frequent procedure in maxillofacial surgery departments. However, postoperative complications following this surgery are poorly described in the literature. Identifying their incidence and risk factors could help improve patient outcomes [...] Read more.

Background: The standard treatment for maxillofacial abscesses is surgical drainage combined with antibiotics, a frequent procedure in maxillofacial surgery departments. However, postoperative complications following this surgery are poorly described in the literature. Identifying their incidence and risk factors could help improve patient outcomes and healthcare planning. Objectives: The primary aim was to identify postoperative complications within 30 days after maxillofacial abscess surgery; the secondary aim was to explore their associated risk factors. Methods: A monocentric retrospective cohort study included patients with maxillofacial abscesses who underwent extraoral incision and drainage under general anesthesia at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery at a tertiary hospital in Switzerland between January 2012 and August 2023. Postoperative complications within 30 days were recorded and classified according to the validated Dindo–Clavien classification system. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for postoperative complications. Results: A total of 253 participants were analyzed. The overall complication rate was 24.1%, with 15.8% major complications (Dindo–Clavien grade ≥3). The most common minor complications (Dindo–Clavien grade <3) were hypokalemia and lower-extremity edema, with an incidence of 6.4%. The most common major complications were persistent and recurrent abscesses, with an incidence rate of 10.4%. These complications occurred in the early (median range 1–5 days) and delayed (median range 14–15 days) postoperative courses, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate was 0.4%. On multivariable analysis, an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score >2 was associated with overall and major postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR], 3.38; 95% CI 1.75–6.51; p < 0.001 and OR, 3.76; 95% CI 1.83–7.72; p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, female sex (OR, 1.97; 95% CI 1.05–3.70; p = 0.036) and C-reactive protein level >50 mg/L (OR, 2.25; 95% CI 1.01–4.98; p = 0.046) were associated with overall postoperative complications. Conclusions: This study introduces a novel application of the Dindo–Clavien classification to maxillofacial abscess surgery, providing a standardized framework for assessing postoperative complication severity. Through this approach, we identified ASA score >2, female sex, and CRP level >50 mg/L as risk factors for postoperative complications. Our findings highlight the importance of close monitoring during the first five postoperative days to detect early complications, such as persistent abscesses, and recommend standardized outpatient follow-up for at least two weeks to identify delayed complications, like recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances into Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)

23 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Big Data Analytics Capability Promotes Green Radical Innovation? The Effect of Corporate Environment Ethics in Digital Era

by Weiwei Wu, Xue Li and Guowei Ruan

Systems 2025, 13(5), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13050370 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

In the digital economy era, firms pursue innovation while also considering their environmental impact to ensure alignment with sustainability. However, existing research offers limited insights into how corporate environmental ethics influence the relationship between big data analytics capabilities (BDACs) and green radical innovation [...] Read more.

In the digital economy era, firms pursue innovation while also considering their environmental impact to ensure alignment with sustainability. However, existing research offers limited insights into how corporate environmental ethics influence the relationship between big data analytics capabilities (BDACs) and green radical innovation (GRI). This study investigates the impact of BDACs, environmental ethics, and GRI, using a sample of 291 firms and integrating resource-based theory with an environmental ethics perspective. Empirical results indicate that environmental ethics positively moderate the positive relationships between the three dimensions of BDAC—managerial, technical, and talent capability—and GRI. Moreover, there are differences in the moderating effects on this relationship. This study enriches boundary condition research on how BDACs impact GRI. Additionally, it contributes to understanding the mechanisms through which environmental ethics affect GRI, highlighting the combined effect of environmental ethics and BDAC. Furthermore, this study advances research on the heterogeneous role of environmental ethics, emphasizing the importance of enhancing corporate environmental ethics in transforming BDA technical capability into GRI. This contribution offers a new perspective on how firms can more effectively leverage their BDAC toward sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

33 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stainable Utilization Strategies for Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag: Properties, Processing, and Future Directions

by Chunting Ma, Siqi Zhang, Keqing Li, Tong Zhao, Qingxin Meng, Dongshang Guan and Ao Zhang

Metals 2025, 15(5), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050537 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Steel slag, being the dominant solid byproduct in steelmaking, presents global challenges in sustainable management, particularly regarding resource recovery of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, which accounts for over 72% of total slag generation. Through the databases of ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and [...] Read more.

Steel slag, being the dominant solid byproduct in steelmaking, presents global challenges in sustainable management, particularly regarding resource recovery of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag, which accounts for over 72% of total slag generation. Through the databases of ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and CNKI, using relevant key words, this review systematically investigates the physicochemical properties and mineralogical composition of BOF slag, elucidating the intrinsic mechanisms underlying its low hydration reactivity and volumetric instability. Pretreatment techniques have been demonstrated to effectively modulate these properties. Furthermore, valuable components can be efficiently recovered through methods including magnetic separation and related technologies. Furthermore, this review elucidates the mechanisms and existing challenges across various resource utilization approaches for steel slag, while also identifying key research priorities for future development, thereby providing a systematic theoretical framework and technical pathways to advance utilization of steel slag. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Ironmaking)

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18 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Contextual Peano Scan and Fast Image Segmentation Using Hidden and Evidential Markov Chains

by Clément Fernandes and Wojciech Pieczynski

Mathematics 2025, 13(10), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13101589 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Transforming bi-dimensional sets of image pixels into mono-dimensional sequences with a Peano scan (PS) is an established technique enabling the use of hidden Markov chains (HMCs) for unsupervised image segmentation. Related Bayesian segmentation methods can compete with hidden Markov fields (HMFs)-based ones and [...] Read more.

Transforming bi-dimensional sets of image pixels into mono-dimensional sequences with a Peano scan (PS) is an established technique enabling the use of hidden Markov chains (HMCs) for unsupervised image segmentation. Related Bayesian segmentation methods can compete with hidden Markov fields (HMFs)-based ones and are much faster. PS has recently been extended to the contextual PS, and some initial experiments have shown the value of the associated HMC model, denoted as HMC-CPS, in image segmentation. Moreover, HMCs have been extended to hidden evidential Markov chains (HEMCs), which are capable of improving HMC-based Bayesian segmentation. In this study, we introduce a new HEMC-CPS model by simultaneously considering contextual PS and evidential HMC. We show its effectiveness for Bayesian maximum posterior mode (MPM) segmentation using synthetic and real images. Segmentation is performed in an unsupervised manner, with parameters being estimated using the stochastic expectation–maximization (SEM) method. The new HEMC-CPS model presents potential for the modeling and segmentation of more complex images, such as three-dimensional or multi-sensor multi-resolution images. Finally, the HMC-CPS and HEMC-CPS models are not limited to image segmentation and could be used for any kind of spatially correlated data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bayesian Statistics and Causal Inference)

14 pages, 1214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reassortment Dynamics: Phylogeography and Evolution of H4N9 Influenza Viruses

by Nataliia A. Bobrova, Ekaterina D. Lisenenkova, Ekaterina S. Avsievich, Olga N. Mityaeva, Pavel Yu Volchkov and Andrey A. Deviatkin

Pathogens 2025, 14(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14050469 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

A characteristic feature of influenza A viruses is their high capacity for reassortment, significantly increasing their genetic diversity. This can lead to the formation of influenza A virus variants with unique phenotypic characteristics, particularly those with pandemic potential. Representatives of the H4N9 subtype [...] Read more.

A characteristic feature of influenza A viruses is their high capacity for reassortment, significantly increasing their genetic diversity. This can lead to the formation of influenza A virus variants with unique phenotypic characteristics, particularly those with pandemic potential. Representatives of the H4N9 subtype are low-pathogenic influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Despite their low pandemic potential, these viruses may represent an important reservoir of genes for genetic exchange with other IAVs. Here, we analyzed the reassortment events of H4N9 viruses using all publicly available sequences. Several computational approaches, including phylogenetic reconstructions and reassortment detection algorithms (PDDM and PDCP), were used to identify phylogenetic incongruences. Numerous reassortment events were detected in H4N9 viruses, especially in the NS segment. This suggests extensive genetic exchange with other avian and mammalian IAVs. In addition, a comparison of phylogenetic and geographic patterns suggests that H4N9 viruses have undergone multiple trans-regional transmissions. These results suggest that LPAI viruses make a significant contribution to the overall influenza gene pool, increasing the likelihood of the emergence of new IAV variants with unpredictable phenotypic characteristics. However, our results suggest that the current understanding of the real distribution and genetic diversity is fragmented. Therefore, better monitoring and surveillance of H4N9 viruses should improve influenza pandemic preparedness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Viral Diseases and Computational Biology)

18 pages, 6632 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vaccine Research Trends in Africa from 2016 to Mid-2024: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Chinwe Iwu-Jaja, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Thobile Malinga, Lindi Mathebula, Akhona Mazingisa and Charles Shey Wiysonge

Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050509 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Vaccine research publications play a crucial role in the scientific process by strategically linking the generation of knowledge with its translation into vaccine policy and practice. This study was designed to understand vaccine and immunization research publication trends in Africa to inform [...] Read more.

Background: Vaccine research publications play a crucial role in the scientific process by strategically linking the generation of knowledge with its translation into vaccine policy and practice. This study was designed to understand vaccine and immunization research publication trends in Africa to inform strategic directions for vaccine research and innovation efforts in the continent. Methods: We searched PubMed only for vaccine and immunization-related publications from Africa between 1 January 2016 and 8 August 2024. Metrics such as annual growth rates, geographical distribution, international collaboration, and trend topics were analyzed. We conducted separate analyses for general vaccine research, vaccine clinical trials, and vaccine evidence syntheses (systematic reviews and meta-analyses). Results: Vaccine research in Africa demonstrated an annual growth rate of 55.4% (based on the 10,000 records retrieved due to PubMed’s export limit), while vaccine trials saw a decline of 6.08% during the study period. The trend topics analysis across vaccine research, trials, and reviews showed that topics shifted from a focus on general vaccine development, immunization, and malaria pre-2020 to COVID-19-related topics in 2020, with post-2020 research returning to traditional topics like immunization schedules, vaccine safety, and pediatric and maternal vaccines. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on vaccine research, leading to a surge in publications for vaccine research, trials, and reviews. About 65.8% of vaccine research featured international co-authorship. Vaccine trials had a higher rate of international co-authorship at 79.8%. Conclusion: While vaccine research in general in Africa has increased, vaccine trials do not match this increase. The number of clinical trials remained relatively stagnant, reflecting ongoing challenges in the vaccine research ecosystem, particularly in building and sustaining clinical trial capacity across the region. In addition, disparities in research productivity exist between countries. Research prioritization, strategic collaborations, capacity building for research, and improved research infrastructure require critical consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Immunization and Public Health)

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15 pages, 6194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogeochemistry and Heat Accumulation of a Mine Geothermal System Controlled by Extensional Faults

by Mengwei Qin, Bo Zhang, Kun Yu, Baoxin Zhang, Zhuting Wang, Guanyu Zhu, Zheng Zhen and Zhehan Sun

Energies 2025, 18(10), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102490 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Given the high proportion of global fossil energy consumption, the Ordovician karst water in the North China-type coalfield, as a green energy source that harnesses both water and heat, holds significant potential for mitigating environmental issues associated with fossil fuels. In this work, [...] Read more.

Given the high proportion of global fossil energy consumption, the Ordovician karst water in the North China-type coalfield, as a green energy source that harnesses both water and heat, holds significant potential for mitigating environmental issues associated with fossil fuels. In this work, we collected geothermal water samples and conducted borehole temperature measurements at the Xinhu Coal Mine in the Huaibei Coalfield, analyzed the chemical composition of regional geothermal water, elucidated the characteristics of thermal storage, and explored the influence of regional structure on the karst geothermal system in the northern region. The results indicate that the geothermal water chemistry at the Xinhu Coal Mine is of the Na-K-Cl-SO₄ type, with its chemical composition primarily controlled by evaporation and concentration processes. The average temperature of the Ordovician limestone thermal reservoir is 48.2 °C, and the average water circulation depth is 1153 m, suggesting karst geothermal water undergoing deep circulation. The geothermal gradient at the Xinhu Coal Mine ranges from 22 to 33 °C/km, which falls within the normal range for ground-temperature gradients. A notable jump in the geothermal gradient at well G1 suggests a strong hydraulic connection between deep strata within the mine. The heat-accumulation model of the hydrothermal mine geothermal system is influenced by strata, lithology, and fault structures. The distribution of high ground-temperature gradients in the northern region is a result of the combined effects of heat conduction from deep strata and convection of geothermal water. The Ordovician limestone and extensional faults provide a geological foundation for the abundant water and efficient heat conduction of the thermal reservoirs. Full article

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12 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Medication Safety Through Medication Reconciliation in Pediatric Neurology: Clinical Pharmacist Recommendations and Physician Uptake in a 13-Week Study

by Margherita Zennaro, Anna Trotter, Daniele Mengato, Laura Camuffo, Claudio Ancona, Irene Toldo, Maria Cecilia Giron, Maria Federica Pelizza, Margherita Nosadini, Giorgio Perilongo, Stefano Sartori and Francesca Venturini

Children 2025, 12(5), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050625 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Clinical pharmacy plays a crucial role in optimizing medication use, particularly in pediatric settings where drug therapy can be complex and understudied. This study aims to assess the impact of clinical pharmacists in the Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit of the Padova [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Clinical pharmacy plays a crucial role in optimizing medication use, particularly in pediatric settings where drug therapy can be complex and understudied. This study aims to assess the impact of clinical pharmacists in the Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit of the Padova University Hospital, focusing on physician acceptance of pharmacist suggestions and the types of advice most frequently followed. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted over 13 weeks to describe the implementation phase of clinical pharmacists’ involvement in medication reconciliation in this setting. The study consisted of three steps. The study utilized a cluster model to categorize pharmacist suggestions and to evaluate physician acceptance rates. Results: The study included 57 hospitalized pediatric patients (53% male) with a median age of 3 years (IQR: 1–10.25). A total of 138 recommendations were shared, with an overall acceptance rate of 42%. Medication errors accounted for the largest cluster of suggestions (45%), though only 32% were accepted. Among the most frequently shared categories of suggestions, pharmaceutical form optimization (A) and drug supply (E) exhibited higher acceptance rates by clinicians (64% and 42%, respectively). The acceptance rate increased over time, peaking at 100% during weeks 7 and 11, correlating positively with enhanced collaboration between pharmacists and clinicians (R² = 0.59). Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of clinical pharmacists in pediatric care, particularly in improving medication management through targeted interventions. The findings suggest that integrating clinical pharmacists into multidisciplinary teams can enhance patient care quality by fostering collaboration and trust among healthcare professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Pediatric Formulations: The Present and a Challenge for Future)

17 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Five Years Later—The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Performance and Cardiometabolic Health Using a Smart Home Gym: An Ecological Case Study

by Thalia H. Nguyen, Trent Yamamoto, Dylan Cho, Trevor L. Nguyen, Phillip Goldman and Brett A. Dolezal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(5), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22050762 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to numerous threats to public health. Of these, physical inactivity became increasingly prevalent, mainly due to the widespread closure of indoor gyms. Home-based exercise alternatives were created as potential solutions, but little research is available validating their [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to numerous threats to public health. Of these, physical inactivity became increasingly prevalent, mainly due to the widespread closure of indoor gyms. Home-based exercise alternatives were created as potential solutions, but little research is available validating their efficacy to improve long-term health and fitness. This case study investigated the longitudinal effects of ≥ three weekly exercise sessions with a smart home-based fitness platform on anthropometric, fitness, and cardiometabolic measures. Three participants were annually assessed over a five-year period spanning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Reductions in body fat percentage occurred simultaneously with increases in fat-free mass. Improvements in physical performance measures, including VO₂max and both one-repetition maximum (1-RM) and 85% 1-RM for chest press and squat press, were identified. Cardiometabolic measures also demonstrated notable improvements, as borderline hypertension was reduced along with resting heart rate while resting metabolic rate (RMR) and heart rate variability (HRV) increased. Beyond these metrics, volitional exercise frequency grew without compromising exercise program adherence. Although physical activity on a global scale decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, the long-term cardiometabolic and fitness benefits observed with this home-based exercise platform highlight its potential to improve health and fitness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Fitness and Exercise during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic)

20 pages, 13666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Declining Snow Resources Since 2000 in Arid Northwest China Based on Integrated Remote Sensing Indicators

by Siyu Bai, Wei Zhang, An’an Chen, Luyuan Jiang, Xuejiao Wu and Yixue Huo

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(10), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101697 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Snow cover variations significantly affect the stability of regional water supply and terrestrial ecosystems in arid northwest China. This study comprehensively evaluates snow resource changes since 2000 by integrating multisource remote sensing datasets and analyzing four key indicators: snow cover area (SCA), snow [...] Read more.

Snow cover variations significantly affect the stability of regional water supply and terrestrial ecosystems in arid northwest China. This study comprehensively evaluates snow resource changes since 2000 by integrating multisource remote sensing datasets and analyzing four key indicators: snow cover area (SCA), snow phenology (SP), snow depth (SD), and snow water equivalent (SWE). The results reveal a slight downtrend in SCA over the past two decades, with an annual decline rate of 7.13 × 10³ km². The maximum SCA (1.28 × 10⁶ km²) occurred in 2010, while the minimum (7.25 × 10⁵ km²) was recorded in 2014. Spatially, SCA peaked in December in the north and January in the south, with high-altitude subregions (Ili River Basin (IRB), Tarim River Region (TRR), North Kunlun Mountains (NKM), and Qaidam Basin (QDB)) maintaining stable summer snow cover due to low temperatures and high precipitation. Analysis of snow phenology indicates a significant shortening of snow cover duration (SCD), with 62.40% of the study area showing a declining trend, primarily driven by earlier snowmelt. Both SD and SWE exhibited widespread declines, affecting 75.09% and 84.85% of the study area, respectively. The most pronounced SD reductions occurred in TRR (94.44%), while SWE losses were particularly severe in North Tianshan Mountains (NTM, 94.61%). The total snow mass in northwest China was estimated at 108.95 million tons, with northern Xinjiang accounting for 66.24 million tons (60.8%), followed by southern Xinjiang (37.44 million tons) and the Hexi Inland Region (5.27 million tons). Consistency analysis revealed coherent declines across all indicators in 55.56% of the study area. Significant SD and SCD reductions occurred in TRR and Tuha Basin (THB), while SWE declines were widespread in NTM and IRB, driven by rising temperatures and decreased snowfall. The findings underscore the urgent need for adaptive strategies to address emerging challenges for water security and ecological stability in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology)

38 pages, 21034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Space in Flux: A Contextual Typology for Pre-War Greater Khartoum

by Ibrahim Z. Bahreldin

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4390; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104390 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

This study presents a typological framework for public spaces in pre-war Greater Khartoum, Sudan, addressing the lack of localized classification systems for Sudanese and African urban contexts. Through an analysis of 64 public spaces, integrating insights from literature, field surveys, and interviews, the [...] Read more.

This study presents a typological framework for public spaces in pre-war Greater Khartoum, Sudan, addressing the lack of localized classification systems for Sudanese and African urban contexts. Through an analysis of 64 public spaces, integrating insights from literature, field surveys, and interviews, the research identifies four key typologies: formal public spaces, informal and insurgent public spaces, privately owned civic spaces, and public–private spaces. This framework captures the complex interplay of historical, cultural, social, and economic factors shaping Khartoum’s public realm. It highlights the coexistence of colonial-era planned spaces with emergent informal and contested areas, reflecting the city’s dynamic urban landscape. The study contributes to the debates on public space in African cities by offering a contextually sensitive approach beyond Western-centric models. It provides valuable insights for urban planning and policy development in Khartoum and similar rapidly urbanizing African contexts, emphasizing the need for inclusive, adaptive, and culturally responsive public space management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Social Space and Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 4857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lightweight Citrus Object Detection Method in Complex Environments

by Qiurong Lv, Fuchun Sun, Yuechao Bian, Haorong Wu, Xiaoxiao Li, Xin Li and Jie Zhou

Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101046 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Aiming at the limitations of current citrus detection methods in complex orchard environments, especially the problems of poor model adaptability and high computational complexity under different lighting, multiple occlusions, and dense fruit conditions, this study proposes an improved citrus detection model, YOLO-PBGM, based [...] Read more.

Aiming at the limitations of current citrus detection methods in complex orchard environments, especially the problems of poor model adaptability and high computational complexity under different lighting, multiple occlusions, and dense fruit conditions, this study proposes an improved citrus detection model, YOLO-PBGM, based on You Only Look Once v7 (YOLOv7). First, to tackle the large size of the YOLOv7 network model and its deployment challenges, the PC-ELAN module is constructed by introducing Partial Convolution (PConv) for lightweight improvement, which reduces the model’s demand for computing resources and parameters. At the same time, the Bi-Former attention module is embedded to enhance the perception and processing of citrus fruit information. Secondly, a lightweight neck network is constructed using Grouped Shuffle Convolution (GSConv) to simplify computational complexity. Finally, the minimum-point-distance-based IoU (MPDIoU) loss function is utilized to optimize the boundary return mechanism, which speeds up model convergence and reduces the redundancy of bounding box regression. Experimental results indicate that for the citrus dataset collected in a natural environment, the improved model reduces Params and GFLOPs by 15.4% and 23.7%, respectively, while improving precision, recall, and mAP by 0.3%, 4%, and 3.5%, respectively, thereby outperforming other detection networks. Additionally, an analysis of citrus object detection under varying lighting and occlusion conditions reveals that the YOLO-PBGM network model demonstrates good adaptability, effectively coping with variations in lighting and occlusions while exhibiting high robustness. This model can provide a technical reference for uncrewed intelligent picking of citrus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Technology in Agricultural Robotics: Sensing and Actuation)

16 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Tissue Specimens from Stereotactic Biopsies for Patient-Derived GBM Organoid-Based Drug Testing

by Amélie Wöllner, Adrian Paul, Maddalena Arquilla, Junguo Cao, Catharina Lotsch, Gerhard Jungwirth, Lena Jassowicz, Andreas von Deimling, Andreas W. Unterberg, Sandro M. Krieg, Martin Jakobs, Rolf Warta and Christel Herold-Mende

Cells 2025, 14(10), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14100701 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common malignant form of brain tumor and is still incurable despite comprehensive therapeutic efforts. Due to tumor location and patient condition, open surgical resection of recurrent GBM is not always feasible. In these cases, frame-based stereotactic [...] Read more.

IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most common malignant form of brain tumor and is still incurable despite comprehensive therapeutic efforts. Due to tumor location and patient condition, open surgical resection of recurrent GBM is not always feasible. In these cases, frame-based stereotactic biopsies represent a less invasive technique to obtain tissue samples for diagnostics. However, whether this material would also be sufficient to prepare tumor organoids (TOs) and perform drug screenings has not been addressed so far. In this study, we present our highly optimized workflow for generating standardized patient-derived GBM TOs from single-cell suspensions using limited biopsy-derived material. We highlight crucial steps within the procedure, such as reliable cell counting, viable cell recovery, enzymatic digestion, and the requirement of an extracellular matrix as a scaffold. Furthermore, we showcase the potential of personalized drug testing as a promising application of GBM TOs. In conclusion, we successfully developed a robust workflow that effectively utilizes the limited material derived from stereotactic biopsies to reproducibly form standardized TOs. Moreover, we demonstrate that biopsy-derived TOs represent a valuable tool for testing drug vulnerabilities in a personalized setting, which might be especially useful in the case of non-resectable GBM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organoids as an Experimental Tool)

16 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous-Phase Uptake of Amlodipine Besylate by Activated Carbon Derived from Dwarf Elder

by Milan Z. Momčilović, Vladimir Dodevski, Sanja Krstić, Milica Petrović, Ljiljana Suručić, Aleksandra Nešić and Aleksandar Lj. Bojić

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051483 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

This study reports the synthesis of activated carbon from dwarf elder, a lignocellulosic precursor, yielding a material with a high specific surface area (500.43 m²/g) and mesoporous structure (median pore radius: 3.88 nm). The physicochemical properties of the obtained carbon were [...] Read more.

This study reports the synthesis of activated carbon from dwarf elder, a lignocellulosic precursor, yielding a material with a high specific surface area (500.43 m²/g) and mesoporous structure (median pore radius: 3.88 nm). The physicochemical properties of the obtained carbon were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming its suitability for aqueous-phase sorption applications. Batch experiments demonstrated carbon’s efficacy in adsorbing amlodipine besylate (AMB), a model pharmaceutical pollutant, with a maximum capacity of 325.9 mg/g under optimized conditions (pH 10.0, room temperature). Systematic evaluation of key parameters, such as initial AMB concentration, sorbent dosage, pH, and agitation speed revealed that sorption kinetics adhered to pseudo-second-order and Elovich model. The high efficiency of the synthesized carbon material, coupled with its low-cost and eco-friendly synthesis, positions it as a promising candidate for the scalable remediation of AMB and structurally related pharmaceuticals from contaminated water sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignin Utilization: Depolymerization and Bioconversion Process)

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21 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Circulating MicroRNAs, Cytokines, and Adipokines Help to Differentiate Psoriatic Arthritis from Erosive Osteoarthritis of the Hand? A Case–Control Study

by Antonella Fioravanti, Sara Cheleschi, Etienne Cavalier, Jean-Yves Reginster, Majed Alokail, Aurélie Ladang, Sara Tenti and Giorgio Bedogni

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104621 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

The differential diagnosis of erosive osteoarthritis of the hand (EHOA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is challenging, especially considering the absence of specific diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a pattern of microRNAs (miRNAs) (miR-21, miR-140, miR-146a, miR-155, [...] Read more.

The differential diagnosis of erosive osteoarthritis of the hand (EHOA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is challenging, especially considering the absence of specific diagnostic biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a pattern of microRNAs (miRNAs) (miR-21, miR-140, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-181a, miR-223), pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17a, IL-23a, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α], and adipokines (adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin) could help to differentiate EHOA from PsA. Fifty patients with EHOA, fifty patients with PsA, and fifty healthy subjects (HS) were studied. The gene expression of miRNAs and cytokines were evaluated by real-time PCR from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum levels of cytokines and adipokines were quantified by ELISA in PsA and EHOA patients and HS. Gene expression showed the significant up-regulation of the analyzed miRNAs in EHOA and PsA patients as compared to HS and higher miR-155 in EHOA vs. PsA patients. The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 did not show any significant differences between EHOA and PsA, while IL-17a and IL-23a were significantly up-regulated in PsA compared to EHOA. Circulating TNF-α levels were higher in EHOA compared to PsA, while PsA patients exhibited significantly elevated levels of IL-23a. The combination of miR-155 with C-reactive protein enhanced the ability to differentiate EHOA from PsA, further supporting the potential of miR-155 as a diagnostic biomarker. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Epigenetics in Degenerative and Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases)

15 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Bone Metastases and Actionable Genetic Alterations in Biliary Tract Cancer

by Karim Hussien El-Shakankery, Joanna Kefas, Ramis Andaleeb, Paula Muehlschlegel and John Bridgewater

Cancers 2025, 17(10), 1639; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17101639 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Bone metastasis (BM) prevalence is underreported in biliary tract cancers (BTC). This study aimed to assess BM prevalence in a real-world BTC population, alongside examining its relationship to prognosis and genomic alterations. Methods: Patients with histology-proven BTC as reviewed at [...] Read more.

Background: Bone metastasis (BM) prevalence is underreported in biliary tract cancers (BTC). This study aimed to assess BM prevalence in a real-world BTC population, alongside examining its relationship to prognosis and genomic alterations. Methods: Patients with histology-proven BTC as reviewed at a university cancer centre between January 2019 and August 2022 were assessed. Data extracted from records included BTC subtype, molecular profiling and systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT) use. Stratification by BTC subtype and metastasis sites occurred. Median overall survival (mOS) was defined as time from relapse or metastases to death. Survival analysis was conducted using the Cox Proportional Hazard model. Results: Of 197 patients, 74 (37.6%) had intrahepatic and 67 (34%) had extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Thirty-four patients had BM (17.3%), with 14 identified at initial diagnosis. OS was not influenced by bone (HR 1.15; p = 0.48) or liver metastases (HR 1.09; p = 0.6). Stratifying for age and gender, no significant difference in OS was observed. Actionable alterations were equally likely in patients with (52.4%) and without BM (58.5%). Age of BTC onset (<65 or ≥65) did not significantly influence prevalence of actionable alterations. Patients receiving matched, targeted SACT had a mOS of 29.9 months, compared to 13.3 months in those with actionable alterations but no SACT matching (HR 0.35; p < 0.005). Conclusions: In advanced BTC, BM do not affect OS. Across all cohorts, actionable alterations improved OS when treated with matched SACT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Metastasis)

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26 pages, 2177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extracellular Vesicles as Precision Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals: Innovations, Challenges, and Therapeutic Potential

by Sidhesh Mohak and Zsolt Fabian

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(5), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17050641 (registering DOI) - 12 May 2025

Abstract

Unlike traditional small-molecule agents, biopharmaceuticals, like synthetic RNAs, enzymes, and monoclonal antibodies, are highly vulnerable to environmental conditions. Preservation of their functional integrity necessitates advanced delivery methods. Being biocompatible, extracellular vesicles (EVs) gained attention as a promising system for delivering biopharmaceuticals, addressing challenges [...] Read more.

Unlike traditional small-molecule agents, biopharmaceuticals, like synthetic RNAs, enzymes, and monoclonal antibodies, are highly vulnerable to environmental conditions. Preservation of their functional integrity necessitates advanced delivery methods. Being biocompatible, extracellular vesicles (EVs) gained attention as a promising system for delivering biopharmaceuticals, addressing challenges related to the stability and efficacy of sensitive therapeutic molecules. Indeed, EVs can cross biological barriers like the blood–brain barrier, delivering therapeutic cargo to tissues that are traditionally difficult to reach. Recent innovations in surface modification technologies, including ligand and antibody attachment, have further enhanced EVs’ targeting capabilities, making them particularly effective in personalized medicine. Here, we review the versatile suitability of EVs for being next-generation delivery vehicles of biopharmaceuticals, including current standings, practical challenges, and possible future directions of the technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell-Mediated Delivery Systems)

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